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Decay theory
Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away.〔Berman, M.G. (2009) In Search of Decay in Verbal Short Term Memory (Version ). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 35(2), pp. 317-333. Retrieved March 6, 2010〕 When we learn something new, a neurochemical “memory trace” is created. However, over time this trace slowly disintegrates. Actively rehearsing information is believed to be a major factor counteracting this temporal decline.〔Oberauer, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2008). Forgetting in immediate serial recall: decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference? (version ). Psychology review, 115(3), pp. 544-576. Retrieved March 6, 2010.〕 It is widely believed that neurons die off gradually as we age, yet some older memories can be stronger than most recent memories. Thus, decay theory mostly affects the short-term memory system, meaning that older memories (in long-term memory) are often more resistant to shocks or physical attacks on the brain. It is also thought that the passage of time alone cannot cause forgetting, and that Decay Theory must also take into account some processes that occur as more time passes.〔
==History==
The term decay theory was first coined by Edward Thorndike in his book “The Psychology of Learning” in 1914.〔E. L. Thorndike, The psychology of learning, N. Y., Teachers College, 1914, p. 4.〕 This simply states that if a person does not access and use the memory representation they have formed the memory trace will fade or decay over time. This theory was based on the early memory work by Hermann Ebbinghaus in the late 19th century.〔Ebbinghaus H. 1885/1913. Memory. A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. New York: Teachers College/Columbia Univ. (Engl. ed.)〕 The decay theory proposed by Thorndike was heavily criticized by McGeoch and his interference theory.〔McGeoch, J. (1932) Forgetting and the Law of Disuse (Version ). Psychology Review, 39, pp. 352-370. Retrieved March 6, 2010〕 This led to the abandoning of the decay theory, until the late 1950s when studies by John Brown and the Petersons showed evidence of time based decay by filling the retention period by counting backwards in threes from a given number. This led to what is known as the Brown-Peterson Paradigm.〔Brown, J. Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1958, 10, 12-21.〕〔Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. Shortterm retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1959, 58, 193-198.〕 The theory was again challenged, this time a paper by Keppel and Underwood who attributed the findings to proactive interference.〔Keppel, G., & Underwood, B. J. Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1962, 1, 153-161.〕 Studies in the 1970s by Reitman〔Reitman J. S. Mechanisms of forgetting in short term memory. Cognitive Psychology. 1971, 2, 185-195.〕〔Reitman J. S. Without surreptitious rehearsal, information in short term memory decays. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour. 1974, 13, 365-377.〕 tried reviving the decay theory by accounting for certain confounds criticized by Keppel and Underwood. Roediger quickly found problems with these studies and their methods.〔Roediger HL, Knight JL, Kantowitz BH. 1977. Inferring decay in short-term-memory—the issue of capacity. Mem. Cogn. 5(2):167–76.〕 Harris made an attempt to make a case for decay theory by using tones instead of word lists and his results are congruent making a case for decay theory.〔Harris, D. J., Pitch Discrimination. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol 24,1952, 750-755.〕 In addition, McKone used implicit memory tasks as opposed to explicit tasks to address the confound problems. They provided evidence for decay theory, however, the results also interacted with interference effects.〔McKone E. 1995. Short-term implicit memory for words and non-words. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 21(5):1108–26.〕〔McKone E. 1998. The decay of short-term implicit memory: unpacking lag. Mem. Cogn. 26(6):1173–86.〕 One of the biggest criticisms of decay theory is that it cannot be explained as a mechanism and that is the direction that the research is headed.
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